Symbolism used in the Book of Kells
A great deal of symbolism can be found in the Book of Kells (BOK) ; it is heavily used and prominently displayed used throughout the manuscript. Meehan (1994) notes that the decorative illuminations, including those displaying symbolism, were used by the monks as a "medium to convey the image of Christianity". In doing this, the authors of the manuscript used symbolism as a way of featuring and highlighting to some of the main events in the life of Christ. They succeed in making Christ's presence distinctly noticed throughout the whole manuscript. The following discussion on the various aspects of symbolism found within the BOK has all primarily been taken from Meehan (1994).
The Book
There are many instances of books depicted in the BOK. Books were highly regarded amongst the monastic community. They valued the written word and realised the power it had as a missionary object. Perhaps this explains why some of the Evangelists, and Christ himself are depicted holding books. St. John is shown holding a book on Folio 291v, while Christ is shown to be doing so on Folio 32v.
The Cross
The image of the cross is one closely associated with Christ. This most likely explains as to why crosses are displayed very predominantly in the manuscript. Crosses and shapes resembling crosses are found in various sizes, as well as in various shapes and forms throughout the manuscript. Additionally, this particular symbol has also been integrated into many of the interlaced patterns. Folio 33r has been illuminated with a full sized cross, while Folio 192v depicts the four symbols of the evangelists seperated by a cross ; perhaps this signifies the inextricable relationship between Christ and the four evangelists.
Angels
Angels played a prominent part in the life of Christ. For example, they were present at this birth and resurrection. This is depicted in the manuscript. Folio 7v faces the reference that is made to the birth of Christ in the Brevae Causae, while in the Gospel of Luke they feature on Folio 285r, 7v, 32v and 202v, some of which are focused on the resurrection of Christ. Furthermore, it is proposed that the four archangels are also depicted within the manuscript. With regard to angels, it was believed at that time that angels could only be seen by a chosen few. To the rest, they remained elusive. This is reflected within the illuminations of the BOK ; many of the angels are small in size and are 'hidden' amongst larger ornamented letters or text.
The symbols of the Evangelists
As the BOK is a representation of the four Gospels, it is almost an expectation that the imagery of the evangelists will be featured prominently within the manuscript. Luke, Matthew, Mark and John are the four Gospel writers ; they each have a symbol associated with them : the calf, man/angel, lion and eagle respectively. These symbols are used to represent different stages within the life of Christ i.e. birth, death, resurrection and ascension. These four symbols are featured prominently within the pages of the BOK and appear in various forms and appear individually or in groups of two.
Eucharistic symbols
Eucharistic symbols are also found within the book. This is another attempt by the authors to link their work to the life of Christ. To this end, Eucharist hosts are featured in the illuminated segments. More often than not, they are found in the mouths of animals, particularly rodents and cats. Additionally, chalices are also depicted. In more than one location, figures and animals are shown to be drinking from a chalice.
Symbols of Christ
There are four symbols that have commonly been directly associated with Christ : the fish, which has links to the Eucharist ; the snake, which symbolises the resurrection of Christ; the lion, which is another symbol of resurrection. Additionally, the peacock is also a symbol associated with Christ. It is used to signify the incorruptibility of Christ. These five symbols are featured prominently in the manuscript and are often intertwined with other images or patterns.