Preparation of the vellum
The skins of young calves were used to produce the manuscript material. The process of preparing the vellum for use is as follows: on removing the skin from the animal, it was soaked in lime for several days to allow for the easy removal of hair follicles. The skin was then stretched on a frame. Once the skin was sufficiently stretched and all of the hair follicles removed, it was left to dry (Meehan, 1994; Jones 2011).
Meehan (1990) speculates that approximately 185 calves would have been required to create the BOK, particularly in its estimated original size of 370 leaves.
The vellum was then cut to size. It was designated to be cut into single folios or bifolium; the majority of folio in the BOK are the former. After sizing, the vellum was then lined before writing took place. Meehan (1994) estimates that geo-metric planning took place, in order to determine the location and spacing of the images. This would have been the case for the style named commodulation, which is quite characteristic of the majority of the large illuminations in the BOK (Stevick, 1994).
Meehan (1990) speculates that approximately 185 calves would have been required to create the BOK, particularly in its estimated original size of 370 leaves.
The vellum was then cut to size. It was designated to be cut into single folios or bifolium; the majority of folio in the BOK are the former. After sizing, the vellum was then lined before writing took place. Meehan (1994) estimates that geo-metric planning took place, in order to determine the location and spacing of the images. This would have been the case for the style named commodulation, which is quite characteristic of the majority of the large illuminations in the BOK (Stevick, 1994).
Creation of pigments (inks)
Fuchs and Oltroggee (1994) provide a detailed account of the wide range of pigments created and used by the authors of the BOK. They noted the broad colour palette that has been uncovered in the BOK : red, as well as two shades of green pigments have been identified. Three shades of purple, one type of pink, four shades of blue, brown, black and white have also been identified as having been used in the BOK. Ingredients needed for these pigments were sourced locally; others were sourced from elsewhere in the British Isles. The majority are plant-based pigments. Additionally, various binding agents were used; it has been noted that egg has been used in this manner.
Painting technique used
Fuchs and Oltroggee (1994) have been able to shed some light on the techniques used in the BOK. Glazes were commonly used, as were semi-glazes. The technique of 'pentimento' was also used to great effect. There is little doubt that the individuals tasked with creating the BOK were highly skilled artists, some not afraid to experiment with their craft.
Quill pens, made from bird feathers were used to write in the manuscript. Brushes were used to paint.
Quill pens, made from bird feathers were used to write in the manuscript. Brushes were used to paint.